A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer application designed to perform a wide range of operations on geographic information. (Goodchild, 2009) Geographic information is defined as information about locations on or near the surface of the Earth and may be organized in a variety of ways. Thus, a GIS includes functions to input, store, visualize, export, and analyse such information.
References
Goodchild, M. F. (2009). Geographic Information System. Encyclopedia of Database Systems, 1231–1236. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-39940-9_178
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USGS Geo Data Portal Provides access to numerous datasets, including gridded data for climate and land use.